AAA report - Table of Contents

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				Page
Introduction to Internet edition, 2005
COMMENTS (2004-2005) by John S. Allen
Title Page
PREFACE				i
SECTION
I	INTRODUCTION			1
		PURPOSE		5
		OVERVIEW		5
II	BICYCLES AND BICYCLE USERS			7
		BICYCLES IN THE UNITED STATES		7
			Annual Bicycle Sales	7
			Bicycles in Use	9
		CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BICYCLE-USER POPULATION		10
			Size of Bicycle-User Population	10
			Age Distribution of Bicycle-User Population	11
			Sex Distribution of Bicycle-User Population	11
		BICYCLE-USAGE PATTERNS		12
			Frequency of Bicycle Usage	12
			Purpose of Bicycling Trips	13
III	MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM			15
		BICYCLE/MOTOR-VEHICLE ACCIDENTS		15
			Incidence of Bicycle/Motor-Vehicle Accidents	15
			Bicycle/Motor-Vehicle Fatality Rate	16
			Consequences of Bicycle/Motor-Vehicle Accidents	17
			Cost of Bicycle/Motor-Vehicle Accidents	20
		OTHER BICYCLE-RELATED ACCIDENTS		21
			Estimate of the Incidence of NMV Accidents	21
			Types of NMV Accidents	22
IV	BICYCLE/MOTOR-VEHICLE ACCIDENTS: DESCRIPTIVE DATA			25
		METHODOLOGY		25
		OPERATOR CHARACTERISTICS		26
			Sex	26
			Age	27
			Driving Experience	29
			Physical/Mental Condition	30
			Bicyclists' Knowledge of the Law	30
			Other Operator Characteristics	30
		VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS		31
			Vehicle Type	31
			Vehicle Condition	34
		CHARACTERISTICS OF ACCIDENT TRIP		37
			Trip Purpose	37
			Trip Length	37
			Day of Week	37
			Time of Day	38
			Lighting Conditions	39
			Weather Conditions	39
		CHARACTERISTICS OF ACCIDENT LOCATION		39
			Urban Versus Rural Accidents	39
			Proximity to Operator's Residence	40
			Posted Speed Limit	40
			Lateral and Vertical Curvature of Roadway	41
			Roadway-Surface Defects	41
V	BICYCLE/MOTOR-VEHICLE ACCIDENTS: PROBLEM TYPES AND EDUCATIONAL COUNTERMEASURES			43
		ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT		43
		CLASS A PROBLEM TYPES: BICYCLE RIDEOUT--DRIVEWAY, ALLEY, AND OTHER MID-BLOCK		44
			Problem-Type Descriptions	45
			Educational Countermeasures for Class A Problem Types	50
		CLASS B PROBLEM TYPES: BICYCLE RIDEOUT -- CONTROLLED INTERSECTION		52
			Problem-Type Descriptions	53
			Educational Countermeasures for Class B Problem Types	60
		CLASS C PROBLEM TYPES: MOTORIST TURN-MERGE/DRIVE THROUGH/DRIVEOUT		61
			Problem-Type Descriptions	62
			Educational Countermeasures for Class C Problem Types	68
		CLASS D PROBLEM TYPES: MOTORIST OVERTAKING/OVERTAKING-THREAT		71
			Problem-Type Descriptions	72
			Educational Countermeasures for Class D Problem Types	77
		CLASS E PROBLEM TYPES: BICYCLIST UNEXPECTED TURN/SWERVE		79
			Problem-Type Descriptions	79
			Educational Countermeasures for Class E Problem Types	84
		CLASS F PROBLEM TYPES: MOTORIST UNEXPECTED TURN		85
			Problem-Type Descriptions	86
			Educational Countermeasures for Class F Problem Types	91
		CLASS G PROBLEM TYPES: OTHER		91
			Problem-Type Descriptions	92
			Educational Countermeasures for Class G Problem Types	96
		DESCRIPTION OF QUICK-REFERENCE TABLE		96
VI	DISCUSSION OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING OBJECTIVES			99
		SOURCES OF CONTROVERSY ABOUT EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES		99
			Motives Other Than Promoting Safety	100
			Failure to Define Underlying Rationale	100
			Assumptions About the Target Group	100
			Assumptions About Resources and Constraints	101
			Multiple Educational Strategies	102
		OBJECTIVES OF BICYCLIST EDUCATION		102
			Comments About the Target Groups for Bicyclist Education	103
			Education to Enhance Preparatory-Phase Functions	106
			Education to Enhance Anticipatory-Phase Functions	113
			Education to Enhance Reactive-Phase Functions	123
		OBJECTIVES OF MOTORIST EDUCATION		132
			Potential Methods for Educating Motorists	133
			Education to Enhance Preparatory-Phase Functions	134
			Education to Enhance Anticipatory-Phase Functions	134
			Education to Enhance Reactive-Phase Functions	136
		OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATION FOR BICYCLISTS' PARENTS		139
			Minimum Age for Unsupervised Riding	139
			Bicycle Size, Type, and Fit	140
			Accident Types and Location	140
			Necessity for Formal Education on Bicycle Safety	141
		OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATION FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS		141
		OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATION FOR BICYCLE DESIGNERS		142
		SUMMARY OF CRITICAL PROBLEMS AND ISSUES		142
			Additional Accident Data	142
			Organizational Problems and Issues	143
		TECHNICAL PROBLEMS AND ISSUES		146
			Educational Target Groups	146
			Definition of Optimal Behavior	147
			Final Selection of Educational Objectives	148
			Educational Techniques	149
ENDNOTES
REFERENCES				151
APPENDIX
	A		BASIS FOR ESTIMATING THE COST OF SOCIETAL LOSSES	155
	B		INVENTORY OF OBJECTIVES FROM A SAMPLE OF RECENT BICYCLE-SAFETY EDUCATION PROGRAMS	159

Figure		Page
1	Annual bicycle sales from 1955 through 1977	7
2	Annual sales of lightweight and other model bicycles from 1969 through 1977	8
3	Estimated number of bicycles in use in the United States (1935-1975)	9
4	Bicyclist age distributions for fatal and non-fatal accident cases in the study sample	27
5	Safety equipment on the bicycles in the sample of non-fatal accidents	34
6	Bicycle defects reported and defects judged contributory by bicyclists in the non-fatal accident sample	36
7	Distributions of fatal and non-fatal accidents by time of day	38
8	Illustration of Problem Type 1, Bicycle Rideout: Residential Driveway/Alley, Pre-Crash Path Perpendicular to Roadway	45
9	Illustration of Problem Type 2, Bicycle Rideout: Commercial Driveway/Alley, Pre-Crash Path Perpendicular to Roadway	47
10	Illustration of Problem Type 3, Bicycle Rideout: Driveway/Alley, Pre-Crash Path Parallel to Roadway	48
11	Illustration of Problem Type 4, Bicycle Rideout: Entry Over Shoulder/Curb	50
12	Illustration of Problem Type 5, Bicycle Rideout: Intersection Controlled by Sign	54
13	Illustration of Problem Type 6, Bicycle Rideout: Intersection Controlled by Signal, Signal Phase Change	57
14	Illustration of Problem Type 7, Bicycle Rideout: Intersection Controlled by Signal, Multiple Threat	58
15	Illustration of Problem Type 8, Motorist Turn-Merge: Commercial Driveway/Alley	63
16	Illustration of Problem Type 9, Motorist Turn-Merge/Drive Through: Intersection Controlled by Sign	65
17	Illustration of Problem Type 10, Motorist Turn-Merge, Intersection Controlled by Signal	67
18	Illustration of Problem Type 11, Motorist Backing from Residential Driveway	68
19	Illustration of Problem Type 12, Motorist Driveout: Controlled Intersection	69
20	Illustration of Problem Type 13, Motorist Overtaking: Bicyclist Not Observed	72
21	Illustration of Problem Type 14, Motorist Overtaking: Motor Vehicle Out of Control	74
22	Illustration of Problem Type 15, Motorist Overtaking: Counteractive Evasive Action	75
23	Illustration of Problem Type 16, Motorist Overtaking: Motorist Misjudged Space Required to Pass	76
24	Illustration of Problem Type 17, Motorist Overtaking: Bicyclist's Path Obstructed	76
25	Illustration of Problem Type 18, Bicyclist Unexpected Left Turn: Parallel Paths, Same Direction	80
26	Illustration of Problem Type 19, Bicyclist Unexpected Left Turn: Parallel Paths, Facing Approach	82
27	Illustration of Problem Type 20, Bicyclist Unexpected Swerve Left: Parallel Paths, Same Direction (Unobstructed Path)	83
28	Illustration of Problem Type 21, Wrong-Way Bicyclist Turns Right: Parallel Paths	84
29	Illustration of Problem Type 22, Motorist Unexpected Left Turn: Parallel Paths, Same Direction	86
30	Illustration of Problem Type 23, Motorist Unexpected Left Turn: Parallel Paths, Facing Approach	88
31	Illustration of Problem Type 24, Motorist Unexpected Right Turn: Parallel Paths	89
32	Illustration of Problem Type 25, Vehicles Collide at Uncontrolled Intersection: Orthogonal Paths	93
33	Maximum payoff in accident reduction as a function of age/grade at which education is introduced	104

Table		Page
1	Survey estimates of the percentage of the total population who ride a bicycle at least once a year	10
2	Age distribution of the bicycle-user population	11
3	Mean calendar days bicycled per bicyclist, shown by bicyclist's age, sex, sampling area, and month	12
4	Proportion of all bicycle-trip days as a function of trip purpose and sampling area	13
5	Fatality rate per 100,000 bicycles in use from 1935 through 1976	17
6	Persons killed and injured in a sample of 166 fatal and 753 non-fatal accidents	18
7	Cost of societal losses resulting from fatal and non-fatal bicycle/motor-vehicle accidents (police reported)	20
8	Relative frequency of types of NMV accidents	23
9	Comparison of age distributions for accident sample and the general bicycling population	28
10	Type of bicycle ridden by male and female bicyclists in the non-fatal sample	31
11	Distribution of bicycle types for the study sample (non-fatal cases) and a recent household survey	32
12	Type of motor vehicle driven by motorists in the fatal and non-fatal samples	33
13	Lighting equipment on bicycles involved in daytime and nighttime accidents ( non-fatal accident sample)	35
14	Problem Class A--Bicycle Rideout: Driveway, Alley, and Other Mid-Block	44
15	Problem Class B--Bicycle Rideout: Controlled Intersection	52
16	Problem Class C--Motorist Turn-Merge/Drive Through/Driveout	61
17	Problem Class D--Motorist Overtaking/Overtaking-Threat	71
18	Problem Class E--Bicyclist Unexpected Turn/Swerve	79
19	Problem Class F--Motorist Unexpected Turn	86
20	Problem Class G--Other	92
21	Quick-Reference Table showing relative frequency of occurrence and bicyclist age distribution for each problem type	97
22	Educational objectives for enhancing performance of Preparatory-Phase functions	107
23	Educational objectives for enhancing performance of Anticipatory-Phase functions	115
24	Educational objectives for enhancing performance of Reactive-Phase functions	124

Bicycle-Safety Education --Facts and Issues--

CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

Bicycle-Safety Education
--Facts and Issues--